immunize
verb
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Definition of immunize
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Other Words from immunize
also i-ˌmyü-nə- \
noun
Examples of immunize in a Sentence
Recent Examples on the Web
Good times immunize a president and make his over-the-top domestic enemies look irrelevant. — Victor Davis Hanson, National Review, "The Economy, Father of Us All," 23 July 2019 Our laws shouldn’t immunize the professionals at fault or leave the people who trusted them to suffer without remedy. — Dov Fox, WIRED, "What Happens When Reproductive Tech Like IVF Goes Awry?," 17 July 2019 At 117 schools, 10% or more of the kindergartners were not immunized because their doctors had excused them from vaccines. — Melody Gutierrez, latimes.com, "California vaccination rate drops as doctors grant more exemptions. Is there a link?," 1 July 2019 Some diseases are highly contagious, such as pertussis -- commonly called whooping cough -- and can spread in a school among children not immunized. — Molly Harbarger, OregonLive.com, "Oregon rates of non-immunized children continues to rise," 29 May 2018 Just as good times immunize a president, so too bad recessions infect him. — Victor Davis Hanson, National Review, "The Economy, Father of Us All," 23 July 2019 Even Cheatley and her partner, both immunized, were asked to wear masks. — Nina Shapiro, The Seattle Times, "Fear, resentment — and more demand for vaccines as one Washington county grapples with measles outbreak," 1 Apr. 2019 Physicians say that 95% of children must be immunized to prevent the spread of the most contagious diseases, such as measles. — Melody Gutierrez, latimes.com, "California vaccination rate drops as doctors grant more exemptions. Is there a link?," 1 July 2019 After two weeks of negotiations, Pan agreed to amended language that calls on the state to only review medical exemptions by doctors who issue five or more per year, or for children in schools where less than 95% of students are immunized. — Mercury News & East Bay Times Editorial Boards, The Mercury News, "Editorial: California legislature should pass compromise vaccine bill," 25 June 2019These example sentences are selected automatically from various online news sources to reflect current usage of the word 'immunize.' Views expressed in the examples do not represent the opinion of Merriam-Webster or its editors. Send us feedback.
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More Definitions for immunize
immunization
nounFinancial Definition of immunization
What It Is
Immunization is a dedicated-portfolio strategy used to manage a portfolio with the goal of making it worth a specific amount at a certain point, usually to fund a future liability. Immunization is one of two kinds of dedicated-portfolio strategies (cash-flow matching is the other).
How It Works
To understand the immunization strategy, first remember that although bond prices fall when interest rates rise, the rate at which the investor can reinvest his coupon payments increases (the opposite is also true: when rates fall, prices rise but the reinvestment rate falls). For example, let’s assume an investor purchases a $10,000 bond at par. The bond has a 10% coupon paid semiannually and matures in three years. If market yields stay at 10%, the following would occur at the end of the first two years:
As the table shows, the investor would receive $2,000 in coupon payments, which he would reinvest as he receives them at the market rate of 10% per year, earning him another $155. When the coupons and the interest on interest are added to the bond principal, the accumulated value of his investment is $12,155, for a 10% annual return.
Now consider what happens if market yields increase, say to 15%, right after the investor purchases the bond.
The higher reinvestment rate increased the amount of interest the investor earned on the coupon payments. However, the price of the bond fell more than enough to offset this gain. The net result was a decrease in total return. Now compare this to what would have happened if reinvestment rates fell to 8% instead.
In this example, the low reinvestment rate reduced the interest earned on the coupon payments. But the bond price rose, offsetting some of this loss. The net result was an increase in total return. Thus, the yin-yang relationship between interest rates and bond prices also creates a tradeoff between reinvestment risk and interest rate risk.
The trick to immunization therefore is to find bonds where the change in interest on interest exactly offsets the change in price when rates change. This can be done by setting the duration of the portfolio equal to the investor’s time horizon and making sure the initial present value of the bond equals the present value of the liability in question. In our previous example, we assumed the investor intended to hold the bond for two years, presumably because he intends to use the money to fund some obligation. Thus, to immunize the portfolio, the investor should set the duration to two years. Six months later, the investment horizon will be 1.5 years, and the investor should rebalance the portfolio’s duration to equal 1.5 years, and so on. The intended result: an income portfolio that has an assured return for a specific time horizon regardless of changes in interest rates.
Why It Matters
A dedicated-portfolio strategy, and immunization in particular, is most appropriate when an investor needs to fund a future liability. When executed well, it can provide terrific returns (and tremendous peace of mind) to investors. But immunization is not without risks. It requires investors to calculate and time future liabilities, which isn’t always easy or accurate. Immunization also assumes that when interest rates change, they change by the same amount for all types of bond maturities (this is called a parallel shift in the yield curve). This, of course, rarely happens in the real world and it therefore makes duration matching more difficult. Thus, the immunization strategy does not ensure the expected return when interest rates change (this deviance is called immunization risk).
One way to control immunization risk is to invest solely in zero-coupon bonds that have maturities matching the investor’s time horizon. Portfolios with high immunization risk, on the other hand, include high-coupon securities that mature at regularly spaced intervals over the course of the portfolio’s time horizon (this is called laddering). This constant maturing means frequent reinvestment, which means a high sensitivity to changes in interest rates and thus high immunization risk.
Source: Investing Answers
immunize
verb
English Language Learners Definition of immunize
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immunize
verb
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Kids Definition of immunize
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immunize
transitive verb
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Medical Definition of immunize
immunize
transitive verb
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